Enzymatic desizing process

Enzymatic Desizing Process of Cotton Fabric with Easy Recipe Calculation

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What is Desizing Process?

Desizing is a process used to remove sizing materials from cotton fabric. Basically, sizing materials are applied on warp thread to increase the strength and efficiency of weaving. The size materials are PVA ( polyvinyl alcohol), CMC ( carboxymethylcellulose), polyacrylic (a water-soluble salt of acrylic acid), and polyester (a Water-dispersible polyester-based material). Enzymatic desizing process will be described in this article.

Objectives of Desizing Process

  1. To detach the starch material from cotton fabric.
  2. Desizing process increases the absorbency power in the dyeing bath which helps to increase the affinity of fabric to dry and chemicals.
  3. Desizing process also helps to increase the luster of cotton fabric.
  4. Overall, make the fabric suitable for the subsequence process.

Methods of Desizing Process in Textile

The desizing process is carried out on woven fabrics to remove the sizing substance from the warp yarn. Generally, there are two types of desizing methods. Following the types of desizing methods.

  1. Hydrolytic method
    • Rot stepping
    • Acid stepping
    • Alkali stepping
    • Enzymatic stepping
  2. Oxidative method
    • Chlorine desizing
    • Chlorite desizing
    • Bromide desizing
    • Ammonium per sulphate desizing.

In this article, enzymatic desizing process will be discuss in details with recipe and recipe calculation.

Enzymatic desizing process in Textile

Generally, all woven fabrics are sized with starch materials. These types of size starches are removed by using enzymatic degradation with bacterial amylases. Efficient enzymatic desizing process depend on the following factors.

  1. Right concentration.
  2. Time
  3. Temperature
  4. Proper pH

According to the biological source, enzymes are two types

  1. Animal/pancreatic: Degomma, Novofermosol, Trypsin, Viveral, etc
  2. Vegetable
    1. Malt extract: Diastase, Maltoferment, Gabalit.
    1. Bacterial: Acry, Biolase, Rapidase

Enzymatic desizing process can be done in two ways.

  1. The normal temperature method
  2. High temperature method.

1. The normal temperature method

Deszing agents are applied at 60-750 temperature in the normal temperature method. Desizing conditions of different enzymes is given below:

Types of enzymeTemperature (0C)pH valueConcentration (gm/l)
Pancreatic50-557.0-7.51.0-5.0
Malt extract55-605.5-6.53.0-20.0
Bacterial65-755.5-7.50.5-3.0
Table 1: Desizing conditions of different enzymes
Recipe of deszing process for cotton (The normal temperature method)

Following the recipe of deszing process

ChemicalAmount (gm/l)
Wetting agent0.5-1.0
Sequestering agent0.5-1.0
Lubricant1.0-2.0
Common salt2.0-4.0
Acetic acid0.1-0.5
Enzyme1.0-3.0
Calcium chloride0.2-0.5
Temperature60-700
Time30-45 min
pH6.0-7.0
M:L1:20
Fabric weight5 gm
Table 2: Recipe of enzymatic desizing process ( the normal temperature method)
Recipe calculation:
  1. Total amount of liquor= 5×20= 100 ml
  2. Required wetting agent= { total amount of liquor× recipe amount (gm/l)}÷ (1000×stock solution) = (100×1)÷(1000× 1%)= 10 ml
  3. Required sequestering agent= (100×1)÷(1000× 1%)= 10 ml
  4. Required lubricant= (100×2)÷(1000× 1%)= 20 ml
  5. Required common salt= (100×3)÷1000= 0.3 gm ( salt is calculated in weight. Thus, stock solution percentage is avoided from the recipe calculation formula)
  6. Required acetic acid= (100×0.5)÷(1000× 1%)= 5 ml
  7. Required enzyme= (100×3)÷(1000× 1%)= 30 ml
  8. Required Calcium chlorid= (100×0.5)÷(1000× 1%)= 5 ml
  9. Required water= { 100- ( 10+10+20+5+30+5)}= 20 ml
Desizing Process Curve
Enzymatic desizing process curve
Figure 1: Process curve ( Enzymatic desizing- Normal temperature method)
Procedure of Desizing Process
  1. Initially, set the machine according to the parameter.
  2. Now, add all chemicals without enzyme at room temperature to the pot and check the pH.
  3. Then, add the appropriate amount of enzyme.
  4. Now, load the pot in the machine and raise the temperature to 60-700 C or according to the chemical supplier’s recommendation.
  5. Run the bath for approximately 30-45 min at 60-700 C.
  6. After that time, cool down and unload the pot from the machine.
  7. Finally, rinse the sample with hot water (600 C) and again rinse with cool water for 3 min.

2. The High Temperature Method

In the high-temperature method, de-sizing process is done at high temperature (90-1000) in a short period.

Recipe of Desizing Process for cotton ( The high temperature method)

Recipe of desizing process for high temperature method is given below.

ChemcialsAmount (gm/l)
Wetting agent0.5-1.0
Sequestering agent0.5-1.0
Lubricant1.0-2.0
Common salt2.0-4.0
Acetic acid0.1-0.5
Enzyme3.0-6.0
Calcium chloride0.2-0.4
Temperature1000
Time10-15 min
pH6.0-7.0
M:L1:20
Fabric weight5 gm
Table 3: Recipe of desizing process ( the high temperature method)
Desizing process curve
enzymatic desizing with recipe calculation
Figure 2: Process curve ( Enzymatic desizing- High temperature method)
Procedure of Desizing Process
  1. Initially, set the machine according to the parameter which is mentioned in recipe.
  2. Now, add all chemicals without enzyme at room temperature to the pot and check the pH.
  3. Then, add the proper amount of enzyme.
  4. Now, load the pot in the machine and raise the temperature to 60-700 C or according to the chemical supplier’s recommendation.
  5. Run the bath for approximately 10-15 min at 95-1000 C.
  6. After that time, cool down and unload the pot from the machine.
  7. Finally, rinse twice the sample with hot water (600 C) and, again rinse with cool water for 3 min.

De-sized Sample

Desizing process
Figure 3: Desizing process of cotton fabric

Factors of Desizng efficiency

Desizing eifficency depends on some factors. They are:

  1. Which types of size materials and how much quantity is applied on fabric.
  2. Methods of desizing process.
  3. Desizing efficiency also depends on fabric construction.
  4. Viscosity of the sizing solution.
  5. Methods of washing process.

Advantage of Enzymatic Desizing

  1. Enzymatic desizing don’t impact on fiber. Hence, no fiber damage.
  2. Biological degradability of enzymatic desizing process is high.
  3. In this process, any aggressive chemicals don’t use.
  4. The source of desizing enzymes are animal or vegetable products. Thus, this process is environmental friendly.
  5. It does not impact on fabric strength.

Disadvantage of Enzymatic Desizing

  1. Sometimes show low effect on specific starches. To illustrate: Tapioca starch.
  2. Enzymatic desizing process is costly.
  3. Condition of process ( temperature, time, pH) should be control carefully. Otherwise, sizing materials will remain in the fabric which will be created problem in subsequences process (dyeing, printing).

Conclusion

The process of removing the size material applied in the weaving section and increasing the absorbency power of the fabric is called desizing process. However, this article discussed enzymatic desizing process with recipe calculation. If you have any questions about desizing process of cotton fabric, feel free to ask me in the comments box.

Reference

  1. Belal, P. D. (2016). Understanding Textiles for a Merchandiser. Dhaka: L.B Graphics and Pringing.
  2. Hossain, M. F. (2015). Practice of Textile Coloration, Volume-I. Dhaka: Books Fair Publications.
  3. Hossain, M. S. (2014). Introduction to Textile Engineering. Dhaka: Books Fair Publications.
  4. Rahman, E. M. (n.d.). Practical Hand Book of Washing and Dyeing. University campus.

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